Vulgar words in Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan (Page 1)
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* * * * * Ach Herr, du Schöpfer aller Ding, Wie bist du worden so gering, Dass du da liegst auf dürrem Gras, Davon ein Rind und Esel ass?
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The institution of the _presepio_ is often ascribed to St. Francis of Assisi, who in the year 1224 celebrated Christmas at Greccio |106| with a Bethlehem scene with a real ox and ass.
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Finding all things ready, Francis beheld and rejoiced: the manger had been prepared, the hay was brought, and the ox and ass were led in.
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"{13} Joseph is strangely described:-- "Whatever this oulde man that heare is, Take heede howe his head is whore, His beirde is like a buske of breyers, With a pound of heaire about his mouth and more.
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There at the side of the high altar was a manger with ox and ass, and in the manger was the little Christ in the arms of the Virgin Mother.
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One thinks of the stillness over the fields, of the hinds with their rough talk, "simply chatting in a rustic row," of the keen air, and the great burst of light and song that dazes their simple wits, of their journey to Bethlehem where "the heaven-born Child all meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies," of the ox and ass linking the beasts of the field to the Christmas adoration of mankind.
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At Pillersee in the Lower Innthal two youths combine to form a mimic ass, upon which a third rides, and they are followed by a motley train.
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Before they go to bed the children put out their shoes, with hay, straw, or a carrot in them for the saint's white horse or ass.
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{65} In Lower Austria it is supposed that sluggards can cure themselves of oversleeping by saying a special prayer before they go to bed on St. Thomas's Eve, and in Westphalia in the mid-nineteenth century the same association of the day with slumber was shown by the schoolchildren's custom of calling the child who arrived last at school _Domesesel_ (Thomas ass).
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{14} |234| It may well have been the traditional association of the ox and ass with the Nativity that fixed this superstition to Christmas Eve, but the conception of the talking animals is probably pagan.
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"{20} An ass, it would seem, was actually brought into church, at Beauvais at all events, during the singing of this song on the feast of the Circumcision.
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A girl with a child in her arms rode upon an ass into St. Stephen's church, to represent the Flight into Egypt.
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In other districts, early on New Year's morning, lads run about with sticks or clubs, knock people up, cry out good wishes, and expect to be rewarded with something to eat.
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|388| |389| |390| |391| INDEX Abbots Bromley, horn-dance at, 201 Abruzzi, All Souls' Eve in, 192; "new water" in, 333 "Adam," drama, 127-8 Adam and Eve, their Day, 271 Adam of St. Victor, 33-4 "Adeste, fideles," 63-4 Advent, 90-2; "Advent images," 118; _Klöpfelnächte_, 216-8 Alexandria, pagan rites at, 20 All Saints' Day, and the cult of the dead, 173, 189-90 All Souls' Day, and the cult of the dead, 173, 181, 189-95 Alsace, Christkind in, 230; New Year's "May" in, 269-70 Alsso of Brevnov, 183 Ambrose, St., 31-2 _Amburbale_, 353 Amiens, Feast of Fools at, 305 Anatolius, St., hymn of, 100 Ancestor-worship, 181, 253-4, 290, 341 Andrew, St., his Day, 173, 213-6, 277 Animals, carol of, 69; ox and ass at the Nativity, 155; cult of, 174-8; masks of, 175-6, 199-202; on Christmas Eve, 233-4; specially fed at Christmas, 289; wassailing, 346-7 Ansbach, Martinmas in, 206 Antwerp, soul-cakes at, 194; St. Martin at, 206-7; St. Thomas's Day at, 224 Apples, customs with, 195-6, 207, 278 Ara Coeli, Rome, 115-6 Ardennes, St. Thomas's Day in, 224 Armenian Church, Epiphany in, 22 Artemis and St. Nicholas, 218 Aryan and pre-Aryan customs, 163-4 Aschenklas, 219, 231 Ashes, superstition about, 258 Ass, Prose of the, 304-5 Athens, New Year in, 331 Aubrey, J., 308 Augury, 182, 195-8, 214-5, 225, 237, 321-33 Augustine, St. (of Canterbury), 21, 179 Aurelian, 23 Austria, Christmas poetry in, 45-46; Christmas drama in, 143-6; soul-cakes in, 194; St. Nicholas in, 218-20; St. Lucia's Eve in, 223; St. Thomas's Eve in, 225; Frau Perchta, etc., in, 241-4, 342; Sylvester in, 274.
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There stood an ass and an ox which breathed over the Holy Child quite openly.
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Cold winds that pass Vex, or is't the little ass?
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"{35} [80] Though the ox and ass are not mentioned by St. Luke, it is an easy transition to them from the idea of the manger.